Content moderation on social media platforms is no longer as easy as moderating content that is nudity and violence, and the right to privacy of users makes it impossible to contextualize the influence and tendency to their disinformation.…

Грузия, Белоруссия и Украина были главными целями кампании по дезинформации, развернутой прокремлевскими СМИ в начале июля. Они обвинили несколько государств, в том числе США, Великобританию и страны Балтии, а также ПАСЕ, немецкие…

Georgia, Belarus, and Ukraine were the main targets of the pro-Kremlin disinformation media at the neginning of July. Five countries, also the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the United States of America, the German…

eopolitical competitors in Europe increasingly incorporate hybrid threats into their arsenals and develop them. This amorphous set of threats is below war, allowing other powers to exploit existing social divisions and to resemble…

This book analyzes the evolution of Russian military thought and how Russia's current thinking about war is reflected in recent crises. While other books describe current Russian practice, Oscar Jonsson provides the long view to show how…

A Russian-based information operation used fake accounts, forged documents, and dozens of online platforms to spread stories that attacked Western interests and unity. Its size and complexity indicated that it was conducted by a…

In 2016, the Netherlands organized a national referendum requesting citizens to vote for or against the backing of an association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. The results of the referendum were not favorable to…

In recent years, European democracy has been shaken by internal and external events. European nations and institutions are confronting numerous challenges like migration, nationalist extremism, and discontent with the political status quo.…